# How To Draw Lines In Latex

Label them (our question list A B and C so that is what we’ll use here). Select the object that contains the spot color. We would like to draw a regression line through some points. Ipe converts the LaTeX-source to PDF when the file is saved. In Qtree, it was allowed to use a line break (\\) inside a node. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. To draw a straight line we use this command, then we enter a starting co-ordinate, followed by two dashes before the ending co-ordinate. These can be useful for mathematics projects, as well as for artwork and graphic design. Painting on concrete is a straightforward task, but it does require a few more steps than painting other surfaces. Xm, Ym centre of circle and t is grad angle. Shaw Industries Group, Inc. One could say that TikZ is to picture as LaTeX is to TeX. If the timeline is very crowded, you can try using angled arrows or lines with varying lengths instead. Using the selection tool F1. Breaking up sections of a document by typing individual characters to form a line is time-consuming and may not achieve the proper formatting effect. Bush is the pres. Then I tried to draw trajectory but not very useful as points could be any where in the world. It's recommended to use one of these if your LaTeX distribution includes it. tex and drawing. This is all because Guine provided a decouple of the emotional investment in Data for both Picard and the audience (who at this point, were seeing Data as one of the more popular show characters) and instead put the line of logic presented against Data to something that both the audience of Americans in the mid 1980s and Picard both view as a. Any ideas?. 40 7 Emacs and IEEEeqnarray42 8 Some Useful De nitions43 9 Some Final Remarks and Acknowledgments45 Index 45 Over the years this manual has grown to quite an extended size. How can I make the major grids. You can save a copy of your image in. The dataset is over there, as a tab-delimited text f. Quickly insert diagonal line to table header. Texmaker includes unicode support, spell checking, auto-completion, code folding and a built-in pdf viewer with synctex support and continuous view mode. 14 users), hold off on upgrading to Xcode11 unless you need something specific from it. Depending on how dark or light the eye pencil is, you will probably have to rub the lines in a bit to blend. , not the ones you want to actually be uppercase, such as first letters of sentences), and simply make the font about four points smaller. Tracing in sketchup itself is a big pain, so I understand what you're looking for. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Another useful attribute of lines between nodes is bend. The help lines option renders the lines thin and gray. An overcrowded timeline may also indicate that the scale of the timeline is too small. Floetrol gives latex paint the flow and leveling of oil paint to enhance it performance in less-than-ideal circumstances. How to Typeset Equations in LATEX 2 6. At Cell, everything we do aims to drive research forward — whether it's working with authors, enhancing the peer review process, or developing innovations in publishing. Combinatorial graphs drawn using LaTeX. For our example, 50% = 0. Click Path > Stroke to Path. To create more shapes, drag a band from the tool bar to the board. You would need to change the series order to bring the line to the top. This was a much easier way than some others I found online. The coordinates in the first parentheses indicate the lower left corner of the graphic, whereas the coordinates in the second set indicate the upper right corner. Students, teachers, parents, and everyone can find solutions to their math problems instantly. LaTeX: Changing the Font Size Latex provides 10 different font sizes. Matrices and other arrays in LaTeX. Similarly, point-slope form of an equation can also be used. How to create a number line with tags? Answered Hi, I am looking to create a simple number line ranging from 100 to 300 with notches at every 10, I would also like to place a label at points 110, 160, and 250. How to make boxed text with LaTeX 1. A famous example of a double helix is the structure of a DNA molecule. A drawing that might use this is the commutative diagram of a pullback. 1 Simple straight lines To draw a line you do something like \begin{tikzpicture} \draw (0,0) --(1,2); \end{tikzpicture} and you get TikZ automatically draws a line between the points (0,0) and (1,2) and sets up the right space for the gure (by default, coordinates are in centimeters). I cannot use Weka or other similar packages since I have. LaTeX: Changing the Font Size Latex provides 10 different font sizes. Lately, a colliege of mine was promoted to management level. The picture environment allows programming pictures directly in LaTeX. Online LaTeX Compilers. I was asked to write this by someone who wants to use it to draw sewing patterns and just needs to learn a few basic functions. These are produced with the syntax [< predefined angle>]. A dynamic Emacs module is a shared library that provides additional functionality for use in Emacs Lisp programs, just like a package written in Emacs Lisp would. The minipage needs to be given a width, and will adjust it’s height automatically. Please wait while your changes are saved Create your free account. Great for late night emergencies or just plain saving money. This feature is not available in Confluence Server, draw. I spent a lot of time searching and only found people giving advice about why there should be no vertical lines in tables, which was useless to me since normal form representations of games in Game theory often have vertical lines. Thanks to Alan Munn for figuring this out. Let's have the real number line go left-right as usual, and have the imaginary number line go up-and-down:. A red band has been placed on the board for you. ZoteroBib is a free service that helps you build a bibliography instantly from any computer or device, without creating an account or installing any software. Several table elements can be modified to achieve a good-looking document. how to draw the nose front view - great tutorial however I'll never look at a nose the way I use to :-O by patrice on Indulgy. LaTeX font question: How do I underline text in a LaTeX document? This actually ends up being one of the easiest things to accomplish related to LaTeX font formatting. Get a head start by entering data into tables that are structured for scientific research and guide you to statistical analyses that streamline your research workflow. Alternatives to the LaTeX angle bracket symbols \langle and \rangle. To change the size of a font use a new font size parameter. This service is for Automobile Dealers and Automobile Finance Co's only. Knots are objects in three dimensional space, but we frequently draw them in two dimensions. With Ask the Experts™, submit your questions to our certified professionals and receive unlimited, customized solutions that work for you. The Graphics object represents a GDI+ drawing surface, and is the object that is used to create graphical images. Line Rider is a classic sandbox game where you draw a track for the sledder to ride on. Draw a circle with Ellipse tool shape and draw another circle inside it by subtracting that smaller circle with it. My next question is, how do I want to draw a full vertical line for the subcolumn? I have included the vertical line in line 2 in the lLatex code, but cant seem to achieve it. This can be a sign of arsenic poisoning. but I am not able to do this so please help me. No registration or email required. Diagonal line is used to split table header cell and set names to a row or column items. Because of the restrictions to direction vectors, drawing line segments usually necessitates an extensive search for suitable points. It is used to guarantee that an element on a page has a certain minimal height. Texmaker includes unicode support, spell checking, auto-completion, code folding and a built-in pdf viewer with synctex support and continuous view mode. How can I create a number line with labels, instead of numbers in Latex? I have no idea how to even start. The blank page opens, ready for whatever you want to add. However, for most other shapes, some path construction operations like --try to be "clever" when this they are asked to draw a line from such a coordinate or to such a coordinate. The drawing functionality is pretty basic — lines, circles, boxes and the like — but perfect for most simple diagrams. This tutorial gives a brief introduction in how to draw in LaTeX using the TikZ package. This is the standard for book margins. tex in August 2008, to use TikZ to create tables with rounded corners. The below image is something I am aiming for. For example, drawing a line in LaTeX. To make sure the axis line stays black, we can set axis on top, which will draw the axis lines last. TikZ is a LaTeX package that allows you to create high quality diagrams—and often quite complex ones too. Generate business name ideas and instantly check domain name availability. Simply include the package tikz along with the shapes library, which should be part of most standard LaTeX builds, then define a command to represent the type of marker you wish to use. 2 of the documentation. Fancy tables with TikZ. Windows and Mac users most likely want to download the precompiled binaries listed in the upper box, not the source code. The tables differ from the plain LaTeX tables in a few aspects: no vertical rules are used, there is additional space above and below horizontal rules, rules have varying "thickness", and no double rules are used. If you want to install MiKTeX on many client computers, then you should use the MiKTeX Setup Utility to deploy MiKTeX in your organization. % % include the "ulem" package in the header % \usepackage{ulem} % % use the "sout" tag to "strike through" text % \sout{Bill Clinton} G. The cookie settings on this website are set to 'allow all cookies' to give you the very best experience. 3 Drawing lines and curves 3. These recognized units are given in the following table:. No need to download or install an editor, you can follow most tutorials right away in your browser. ) Most of the time the download will just take a couple seconds, but it could take a minute or so. We also show you how to create a grid and add some. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Just learnt some amazing angle-drawing techniques using LaTeX Tikz. One could say that TikZ is to picture as LaTeX is to TeX. In the first example we simply hand the plot function two vectors. edmargin Multiple series of endnotes for critical editions. Change the colors. So, I started with geodesic but it draws overlapping lines. Users are guided through a series of illustrated multiple-choice questions of features of a font to arrive at a font identification. You can do this using pgfplotstablenew. Our yoga mats and yoga products are crafted for high performance in any practice. 2, August 2006 Update of this tutorial for gnuplot 4. Strikethrough in LaTeX using »cancel« \usepackage{cancel} in the preamble gives you four different modes of striking through \cancel{text to cancel} draws a diagonal line (slash) through its argument \bcancel{text to cancel} uses the negative slope (a backslash) \xcancel{text to cancel} draws an X (actually \cancel plus \bcancel). Using Google products, like Google Docs, at work or school? Try powerful tips, tutorials, and templates. 2 of the documentation. Simply drag and drop predefined shapes (including points, lines, polygons, etc. Contrarily to Latex or others, you can move points and lines etc interactively and see how the drawing evolves based on the construction constraints. RULES, an HTML 4. The "pause" command allows you to reveal text one line at a time. Step 2: Convert the percentages to decimals, and place those on the appropriate branch in the diagram. Constructing a flowchart. Does anyone know how to put a border around a page in Latex? I'm not looking for anything complicated, just a single or double line. To use tabs, you want to use the "tabbing" environment. If possible (especially 10. Practice creating frequency tables from small data sets. Constructing a flowchart. You can draw in either the xy plane (for z=something), the xz plane (for y=something) or the yz plane (for x=something). Regular polygon; Triangle; Loops and calculations; A remark about latex2html. Additional hot keys; New command line options for running TpX without GUI. Producing White Space in LaTeX. An excellent rule of Guaranteed Personal Loan Online thumb. An overline, overscore, or overbar, is a typographical feature of a horizontal line drawn immediately above the text. Breaking the document flow in L a T e X is not recommended unless you are creating a macro. The “pause” command allows you to reveal text one line at a time. I use this for textbooks: the answers are in the source, but when I typeset the student version. From the vertex 6 draw straight lines to the visible corners of the base. demoarticle. LaTeXDraw is a graphical drawing editor for LaTeX. Drawing with the Rectangular Grid Tool. A line parallel to another line, passing through a given point, may be found by substituting the slope value of the line and the x– and y-values of the given point into the equation $f\left(x\right)=mx+b$ and using the b that results. The picture environment allows programming pictures directly in LaTeX. The only problem is I can't seem to draw two separate arrows between two nodes Like this. How to Typeset Equations in LATEX 2 6. If a horizontal line is required in the table, \cline{n-m} command is used to draw a horizontal line from the left side of the column n to the right side of the column. The following code shows an example of the sorts of lines that can be produced and then placed in the text of your document using your newly defined commands. LaTeXDraw is developped in Java and thus runs on top of Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. How to do it…. Repair minor and major cracks, and other damaged areas. Try pausing more often, and take your time to complete a sentence or draw a line, and you'll find it's a very different way of working. in Japan, is the leading provider of high-performance software tools for engineering, science, and mathematics. You can read unbiased product reviews and compare prices online. The help lines option renders the lines thin and gray. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services | US EPA. Step by step instructions on how to paint birds featuring a Mountain Bluebird. I spent a lot of time searching and only found people giving advice about why there should be no vertical lines in tables, which was useless to me since normal form representations of games in Game theory often have vertical lines. Please click Accept Cookies to continue to use the site. Move your cross hair cursor somewhere near the middle of the sheet, close to the left edge. PGFPlots Gallery The following graphics have been generated with the LaTeX Packages PGFPlots and PGFPlotsTable. Find expert advice along with How To videos and articles, including instructions on how to make, cook, grow, or do almost anything. Easily create beautiful UML Diagrams from simple textual description. In order to apply either Right-Hand Rule to a moving negative charge, the velocity (v) of that charge must be reversed--to represent the analogous conventional current. To put a MATLAB figure into a latex document, simply export it in eps format from the file menu of the figure. Lines can be drawin in LaTeX using the \line function. It is available as an online application with optional integration to various cloud storage options. LaTeXDraw is developped in Java and thus runs on top of Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. Utrecht Art Supplies is your source for quality, professional artist materials and superior customer service since 1949. We'll go over each of the values of RULES and demonstrate how they are used. You can use either the Rectangular Grid tool or the polar grid tool to create rectangular grids or concentric circles, respectively, of a specified size with a specified number of dividers. View GEOBOARD in Fullscreen Mode. Includes traditional Yoruba Aso Oke wedding attires, elegant outfits in tie-dye and causal clothing apparel for all occasions. Import LaTeX tables. " The particular Saxon heaved themselves onto one elbow. So there is quite a range of options to fit WinFIG into a LaTeX environment, but of course it’s not limited to that. The intersection between the lines are calculated using the convenient -| syntax. A basic latex document would. Anyone who works with LaTeX knows how time-consuming it can be to find a symbol in symbols-a4. The below image is something I am aiming for. Putting a Complex Number on a Plane. Latex actually wants to do that for you. As always, shipping is free. Draw another line in an empty part of the canvas the same way, but make this one horizontal. Heya are using Wordpress for your site platform? I'm new to the blog world but I'm trying to get started and create my own. I was asked to write this by someone who wants to use it to draw sewing patterns and just needs to learn a few basic functions. Knots are objects in three dimensional space, but we frequently draw them in two dimensions. Gnuplot Gnuplot is a free program that plots 2D and 3D data. eps, demoarticle. Remove the tracing paper. in Japan, is the leading provider of high-performance software tools for engineering, science, and mathematics. 11 Double-column equations in a two-column layout. Finally, the last point declared is not such thing, but the word cycle , meaning the next line should join the last and the first points. The main focus of this document is on the use of fonts in LaTeX, though some wider issues are addressed too. Also, it is "vector graphics" in the sense that even if you zoom in, it is in perfect resolution. Arrows can also be used inside a picture environment, let's see a second example. Visit the Learning Center. Knowledge Stockpile http://www. That will produce a two horizontal bars in one line. In a case when we would need more flexibility, we can do it ourselves from scratch. How can I customize headers and footers in LaTeX? It's easy to customize your page headers and footers using a set of macros available in the sipb locker. eps, demoarticle. A third rectangle is used to overlay parts of the other two rectangles. Step Position the pointer on your Microsoft Paint image where you would like to insert your ready-made shape. Just click on the Line button here at the top, select the box you want to start from and then select the box you want the line to point to. Advanced Graphics []. Cutting in means that you use a paint brush to paint areas that are too tight for rollers (such as at the ceiling line, corners, and along baseboards and trim). If your arrow contains multiple line objects, you can group them into a single object by selecting them and then choosing Object > Group from the menu. (continued from previous page) \textbullet a ª \textordfeminine \textcapitalcompwordmark o º \textordmasculine \textcelsius ¶ \textparagraph ¢ \textcent · \textperiodcentered. Union (∪) and Intersection (∩) symbols in LaTeX can be produced via the \cup and \cap definitions while in math mode. A famous example of a double helix is the structure of a DNA molecule. It's also not too hard, and it's a very good way of learning to draw with TikZ. But you can also draw a Roman u first, and then extend the line on the left. There are other line types available that draw dotted lines and use much less memory. How to Deal with Wide Tables Posted on June 8, 2016 March 16, 2018 by Lian Tze Lim Ahhhh tables — one of the infuriating things with tables in L a T e X , is that sometimes they’re so wide that they extend into the right margin, or even off the page. The following code shows an example of the sorts of lines that can be produced and then placed in the text of your document using your newly defined commands. The most common use is continuous line numbering throughout the document. Be careful not to smudge the lines too much. I use this for textbooks: the answers are in the source, but when I typeset the student version. Bird Drawings Pencil Drawings Drawing Birds Easy Watercolour Tutorials Watercolor Techniques Art Techniques. Do you need any html coding knowledge to make your own blog? Any help would be greatly appreciated! Adding comments is currently not enabled. LaTeX Versions of Graphs¶. No need to download or install an editor, you can follow most tutorials right away in your browser. 6 is calculated and I want it plotted on a line with one end at 16. If your arrow contains multiple line objects, you can group them into a single object by selecting them and then choosing Object > Group from the menu. Here we have aligned the = and + symbols. \vline draws a vertical line with the height of the row at the location where it appears. Adding Floetrol to latex paint improves the performance of the paint and keeps the projects flowing smoothly. I find writing a table is the most difficult part for me in Latex, since I am beginner to Latex. http://quicklatex. IT issues often require a personalized solution. tbody — LaTeX formatting for body table cells newtbl. If we handed the plot function only one vector, the x-axis would consist of sequential integers. DRAWING DIAGRAMS WITH R Drawing Diagrams with R by Paul Murrell R provides a number of well-known high-level facil-ities for producing sophisticated statistical plots, in-cluding the "traditional" plots in the graphics pack-age (R Development Core Team, 2008), the Trellis-style plots provided by lattice (Sarkar, 2008), and the. Adding line numbers to a LaTeX document. 5 rehearsals is a minimum for an important talk. If the program that blew up on you has diagnostic options (such as -v for verbose), try to select options that will add useful debugging information to the transcript. Does anyone know how to put a border around a page in Latex? I'm not looking for anything complicated, just a single or double line. PGFPlots can calculate the regression line only for tabulated data, so you will have to create the points in a table. In a case when we would need more flexibility, we can do it ourselves from scratch. To make sure the axis line stays black, we can set axis on top, which will draw the axis lines last. I am looking for a program to create images of very simple situations, e. We already know that the slope is $-\frac{1}{2}$. The command for 180 degrees is. WordPressでmultilineでlatexするときの便利なまとめ． Series on Blogging with LaTeX This is the 3rd post in the series. Cartesian coordinates can be used to pinpoint where we are on a map or graph. Shaw Industries Group, Inc. TikZ Drawing lines, curves, and clouds Robert Altmann Technische Universit at Berlin ERC Grant Modeling, Simulation and Control of Multi-Physics Systems. 900 Loan To Pay Off Debt. Upload your photos faster with Google Chrome. hi latex community! So I'm drawing a picture in tikz and when I use the \shade command my lines are changing from black into the color I'm shading with. No extra packages are required to use these symbols. Further to this, adding thin lines can give a 3D effect to the finished drawing / sketch. On systems that offer a command line you can try the command. How do I use it? Just draw the symbol you are looking for into the square area above and look what happens! My symbol isn't found!. 28-Oct-2019 : How To Draw An Ellipse In Latex. Plotting a 3D function, algebraic or parametric, requires the customisation of some keys for example, domain (x range, or x, y if domain y is not specified), domain y (y range), draw (lines colour), line width (lines width), opacity (alpha value, from 0 - totally transparent - to 1 - totally opaque -), samples (which manages the number of. ) Then import the dxf to sketchup. Draw border. This line draws a triangle by drawing three lines. It should only be used if the diagram contains mathematical typesetting as it affects rendering performance. LaTeX arrows. Draw pictures in LaTeX - With tikz/pgf The pgf/tikz package allows you to draw pictures from within your LaTeX document to keep the style consistent throughout your document. We define our own pattern that can take optional arguments for setting the distance between the lines and the line thickness. Back to my Facebook. the painted surface How To Cut-In A Wall Or Ceiling. The tables produced with this style look more like the tables you can see in the books, scientific articles, and newspapers. The length of the skip should be expressed in a unit recognized by LaTeX. You can do this using pgfplotstablenew. Putting a Complex Number on a Plane. Then create a vertical line (similar in length to the ones in the circle), and align the top point to the top edge of the circle. The trick is to use the subfigure package. However, for most other shapes, some path construction operations like --try to be "clever" when this they are asked to draw a line from such a coordinate or to such a coordinate. Previous ones: Basics and overview Use of mathematical symbols in formulas and equations Many of the examples shown here were adapted from the Wikipedia article Displaying a formula, which is actually about formulas in Math Markup. Global business and residential communications company operating in more than 65 countries. Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have. These tools are easy to use,most often one-click fixes for various hardware issues,windows issue. By studying the tutorial and posted answers to other posted questions, you can adapt my answer. Learn how to draw Anime, Draw Japanese Anime, Draw Manga using our FREE online drawing tutorials. So here is the LaTeX code to generate a saddle surface:. ©2015 Konami Digital Entertainment. There is a really nice package, lineno, which provides line-numbering and various options for customization, some of which I will discuss further below. de Vries ' splineCircle to draw the 3D arcs (the. I am trying to create a number line such as those on page six of this paper NMPfractions4. In the case of command-line processes, having a session log (e. Suppose then we want to write the equation of a line that is perpendicular to f(x) and passes through the point (4, 0). Use a white highlighter cream to make your wrinkles stand out. Yes, Inkscape has a powerful command line interface and can be used in scripts for a variety of tasks, such as exporting and format conversions. As an extension to my previous post on adding solid or dashed lines to figure captions in LaTeX documents, a similar method can be used to add different types of geometric markers. Some Latex commands require the use of a package de ned in the preamble. I cannot use Weka or other similar packages since I have. Here's the LaTeX code:. The latex code consists of two general parts: The preamble consists of the parameters for the document, i. Choose color or not according to what you want, and what you plan to do with it. Note that the orientation of the arrows is important!. 1 or later) enables it as a side effect. Another useful attribute of lines between nodes is bend. I want to make it 50. How can I make the major grids. LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of the text line. If you have limited time, read Section4. Anyway, sometimes is necessary to have more control over the layout of the document; and for this reason in this article is explained how to insert line breaks, page breaks and arbitrary blank spaces. If a horizontal line is required in the table, \cline{n-m} command is used to draw a horizontal line from the left side of the column n to the right side of the column. io there are three minor grid lines between major grid lines: If I draw a line between major grid points it will be 40 points long. My next question is, how do I want to draw a full vertical line for the subcolumn? I have included the vertical line in line 2 in the lLatex code, but cant seem to achieve it. I suppose that if I launch SketchUp and pick the Simple Template, and start to draw a straight line right away, the starting point of the line is on the face that contains the red and the green axes. New export format "LaTeX EPS" with tight bounding box (using dvips) and derivatives (PDF using epstopdf, various GhostScript formats) Custom system fonts for graphical objects (not applies to LaTeX output) Simpler hot keys for graphical objects. This leads to the following drawing. This should not be a problem with modern TeX installations, but depending on the previewer you use, this may mean that you will not be able to see the lines when you preview LaTeX. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. Here is an attempt to draw a 3D Bloch sphere, on which we can select a point simply clicking on it with the mouse and obtain the corresponding qubit representation. Draw pictures in Latex - With tikz/pgf - The package pgf/tikz can be used to generate beautiful graphics, specially diagrams in LaTeX. The OWH helpline does not provide medical advice. An overcrowded timeline may also indicate that the scale of the timeline is too small. This is an example of hyperbolic geometry, a non-Eucledian geometry where the postulate of parallel lines doesn’t hold. For the second case, Mathematica fails to draw the line due to automatically selected PlotRange (selecting PlotRange -> All helps). Using the drawing tools, you can add lines, arrows, boxes and circles to help make your presentation unique and artistic. Remember the time of the typewriter and early. We let you use a free and simple online file converter that works with a wide range of file types. LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of the text line. Quicky learn how to use Linux screen in this two minute video. [Question] Drawing lattices I need to draw a few lattice structures (basically nodes interconnected with lines) in LaTeX and am wondering how I should go about it (ideally with the option of labeling the nodes). We'll go over each of the values of RULES and demonstrate how they are used. At Cell, everything we do aims to drive research forward — whether it's working with authors, enhancing the peer review process, or developing innovations in publishing. You can use either the Rectangular Grid tool or the polar grid tool to create rectangular grids or concentric circles, respectively, of a specified size with a specified number of dividers. #28 thomgraf, September 19, 2013 at 5:06 p. The command in line 2 of Listing 3 causes LaTeX to draw a grid with 1-mm increments. To draw a horizontal line (or horizontal rule), set the x-slope to 1 and the y-slope to zero. io is permanently free for personal, academic and charitable use. No need to download or install an editor, you can follow most tutorials right away in your browser. Introduction to. Then, click on. Best of all: I didn't use anything which is not in LaTeX ☺ (Well, the generation of the CSV-file doesn't count. Paint comes in a number of different finishes, from flat to high gloss.